I had relatively recently read Thomas’s book “The house by the lake”, which tells the story of a summer house by a picturesque lake near Berlin, and the family stories of its various residents during the mostly turbulent time post the Great War. Intertwined with these stories is that of the Thomas’s quest to save the house from demolition, and also to discover more about his own family history. I had found the book thoroughly engrossing read, well researched, and a timely reminder of the need for generous relating between diverse cultures.

In conversing with Thomas I learned that he had finished writing “Legacy: One Family, a Cup of Tea and the Company that Took On the World” and it was in the process of publication. “Legacy” explores Thomas’s maternal line including the history of the J. Lyons & Co. catering empire, and the source of some of the family’s wealth in the tobacco fields of Virginia, and the labour of enslaved people.

Thomas had come across the events of the 1823 rebellion in Demerara (the subject of “Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood“) and was interested in exploring the account from the perspective of enslaved peoples, particularly focusing on person of Jack Gladstone, and also engaging in the developing conversation around the decolonisation, the impact of enslavement and colonisation on present-day cultures, and the need for apology and reparations. Thomas was keen to understand the attitudes and perspectives of the descendants of slave owners to the actions of their forebears. Thomas interviewed my father, Graham. I was able to contribute to some of the research Thomas needed, and put him in contact with a number of relevant researchers and descendants of slave-owners.

The writing of “White Debt” occurs in the context of “Black Lives Matter” and a re-examination of colonial history. In the introduction Thomas writes “I hope that by the final chapters you will agree that considerable harm has been done, that a debt is indeed owed. The question then becomes, who caused this harm and who should bear the cost of restitution? … it became obvious to  me that I had to give a name to those primarily responsible: White people.”

This book interweaves the story of enslaved people attempting to achieve their emancipation, Thomas’s own process of grappling with his own family’s history, and the story of people living out the impact of colonisation and enslavement on their own personal family history and circumstances.

The celebration of the anti-slavery movement has obscured the silencing of the history of cruelty, exploitation and oppression manifested in the Caribbean. As a descendant of slave owners and colonists I am personally challenged by this story, and what steps I can or should take in the process of acknowledgement, apology, and restitution. It also causes me to reflect on the impact of colonisation of the indigenous people of this country now known as Australia. My father, quoted in Thomas’s book, said “We can’t turn the clock back. It would be almost impossible to remedy the situation lost in history. We should find out the facts of the matter and make sure we learn from our mistakes and create a better world.” I agree.

Examination of Item ITM846746 shows that H Van Cooten is referred to in an application for employment in the public service from Alexander Cameron to the Colonial Secretary.

A transcript of the letters is:

Alexr Cameron 28 Decemb. 60/2440  Application for employment
Redbank near Ipswich
27^th December 1860
[[To] The Honorable G. W. Herbert Colonial Secretary]
[Alexr. Cameron Esq.
18th January
Council
[indecipherable signature]
The council advise that Mr. Cameron be informed that his Application has been received and will be taken into consideration.
John Bramston
9/1/61 Clerk of Council
Inform accordingly
A. White
61.1.10]
Sir,
In doing myself the honor to address you I take the liberty to solicit at the hands of His Excellency the Governor, employment in any of the various Public offices for which my previous business habits or avocations may have qualified me.
In youth (1828) I became clerk and book-keeper in an extensive mercantile in Berbice, British Guiana, and (1835) a partner of the same.
On the dissolution of the firm (1840-1) I was employed in the Vendue Office of the County (a patent office under the Crown through which all Judicial and other public sales were effected) until its abolition in, I think 1847, but continued winding up its affairs until 1848.
In July 1848 I became a paid servant of the Colony, under circumstances detailed in the accompanying correspondence, numbered to be 4—Copies of which are respectfully submitted.—when I sailed for Europe on leave of absence, pending which, at the instigation of my Father, I decided on coming to Moreton Bay.
I have now been resident in this district upwards of six years, for five of which I have been engaged in agricultural pursuits, but these, from exhausted means and other untoward causes, I have recently been compelled to relinquish.
Being unknown to any of the Heads of Department in Brisbane I can only meantime hope for employment in a subordinate capacity, though desirous it should be such, that I may reasonably look forward to preferment according to merit.
Trusting that some suitable opening may be at the disposal of His Excellency’s favorable consideration
I have the Honor to be
Sir
Your most obedient
humble Servant
Alexr Cameron.

 

No. 1. (Copy)
Berbice 24^th June 1848
[To The Honorable W. B. Wolseley Acting Government Secretary]
Sir,
Having heard from authority which I consider to be quite undoubted, that Mr. H. Van Cooten, the Keeper of the County Prison who has been some time very unwell, is now beyond all hope of recovery, I trust the present application to His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor through you will not have the appearance of indelicacy, which in other circumstances I feel persuaded it would have.
It is in a few words that I may, in the absence of any more worthy in His Excellency’s estimation, be appointed successor to Mr. Van Cooten in the event of his decease.
I do not accompany this with any credentials, but for the information of His Excellency I may mention that from His late Excellency, Governor Sir James Carmichael Smyth, I received a Commission in the County Militia, and from his successor in the late Governor (Sir Henry Light) a Commission as a Justice of the peace and a Coroner of the Colony, besides which I have for some time served as a member of Vestry, and an Auditor of Accounts to the Supreme Court, under appointment of the Government.
These several appointments being more honorary than remunerative I am induced to urge upon His Excellency this my first application for remunerative Public Service; and should it be deemed necessary to obtain testimonials from either the resident Officials of the County, or the merchants and principal planters, I have no doubt I could procure such as would be most satisfactory to His Excellency.
I have the Honor to be
Sir
Your most obedient humble Servant
(sgd) Alexr. Cameron.
Note—In the following month the vacancy was conferred upon me, and due notification thusly inserted in the Government Gazette, by Lieutenant Governor W. Wallis.

 

No. 2 (Copy)
B. Guiana Government Secretary’s Office
October 17^th, 1848.
[To His Honor C. R. Whinfield Sheriff of Berbice.]
Sir
I am directed by His Excellency the Lt. Governor to communicate to you for the information of Mr. Cameron the Keeper of the Jail at New Amsterdam, the following extract of a Dispatch received by His Excellency from the Right Honable. The Secretary of State.
“I have to convey to you my confirmation of the appointment of Mr. Cameron, but you will acquaint Mr. Cameron that he must accept it subject to any reductions that the Combined Court may consider it necessary to make in the Annual Estimates.”
I have the honor to be
Sir
Your most obedient
humble servant
W. B. Wolseley
Ag. Govt. Secty.
A true Copy (sgd) Charles R. Whinfield, Sheriff.

 

No. 3. (Copy)
Berbice 30^th October 1850
[To The Honorable W. B. Wolseley, Government Secretary]
Sir,
I have the honor through you to approach His Excellency the Governor with an application for preferment to an office in this County, that of Assistant Receiver General, vacant by the decease of the recently appointed incumbent, Mr. Hollingsworth.
Already holding an office under the Government it may be necessary to state what motives impel me to intrude on His Excellency’s notice.
At the time of my appointment as Keeper of the County Gaol in 1848 the salary attached to the situation, twelve hundred dollars, might (with residence) have sufficed for the maintenance of a family, and it was understood a person with a family and possessing the requisite qualifications would be preferred by the Lieutenant Governor.
At the meeting of the next Combined Court however it was moved and affirmed that the salary (with many others) should be reduced by twenty five per cent. That is to only nine hundred dollars per annum, a sum—without reference to the great hardship of having to refund from the reduce stipend, two hundred dollars paid me as salary at the higher rate—so inadequate to the wants of an increasing family as to have caused me to be on the watch for more remunerative employment; and in the absence of anything better presenting itself I have seriously thought of removing from this to one of the distant Colonies in Australia.
A more responsible and at same time more lucrative post would however induce a preference for my native country, and it is with this view and a reliance on my ability satisfactorily to fulfil the duties of such an office as the one under consideration that I take the liberty to trespass on His Excellency’s time and attention.
I have the Honor to be
Sir
Your most obedient
humble Servant.
(sgd) Alexr Cameron.

 

No. 4 (Copy)
B. Guiana.
Government Secretary’s Office
November 6^th 1850
Sir
His Excellency the Governor* directs me to acknowledge your letter of the 30^th ultimo, and to inform you that should the office of Assistant Receiver General be filled up, the claim of the Gentleman now acting are superior to yours. His Excellency would be sorry however if the colony lost the benefit of your services, and will be glad to promote your views should a proper opportunity offer.
I have the Honor to be
Sir
Your obedient Servant
(sgd) I. Gardiner Austin
Actg. Asst. Govt. Secretary
[*Mr. now Sir Henry Barkly]
[To Alexr. Cameron Esquire
Berbice.]

Ipswich, 5 March 1861
Dear Sir,
I beg to introduce to you Mr. Alexander Cameron a candidate for office in the Government Service of this colony.
I have much pleasure in stating that I feel certain Mr. Cameron will give every satisfaction in any office he may be appointed to by the Govt.
??fully,
?? Panton.
W. Manning Esq

61/52? Alexander Cameron 6 March
Further application for employment
Ipswich 5^th March 1861
[To: A. W. Manning Esquire
Principal Under Secretary]
Sir
I trust you will not deem me importunate in addressing you with reference to my letter to the Executive of 27^th December last, soliciting employment in the Public Service of this Colony.
Earnestly desiring active occupation my object in now writing is to state that under existing circumstance, almost any employment would be thankfully be hailed by me as a boon. I fear chiefly that the Executive Council are beset with applications from various quarters, and that parties at a distance have the least likelihood of being considered in the filling of vacant, or creative of new posts, but if zeal and assiduity are essential in a public Servant, I pledge myself in all sincerity they shall not be wanting in any trust, to which I may have the honor to be appointed.
Craving your reference to the accompanying few lines of introduction from Mr. I. Panton of this town.
I have the honor to be
Sir
Your most obedient servant
Alexr Cameron.

I’m not sure who H. Van Cooten is, but clearly he died in 1848, and was not an arrival in Australia. I suspect he is one of Hendrik Van Cooten’s grandchildren, and most probably his father would have been Nicholas, Anthony, Lucius, or Theodorus Hermanus Hilbertus Van Cooten.

As a teenager old family letters about the Van Cooten family in Australia triggered my interest in family history. Letters to my great-grandfather John Hughes Van Cooten contained the following tantalising clues:

• The other was that our great grandfather went to the West Indies on a royal Commission. What that Commission was I do not recollect, and that having fulfilled the mission of his government he received a [grant?] of land that as much as he could bring under proper cultivation became his own. This was termed an “Unlimited grant”.
• He married a Madagascan lady said to be of royal blood (very wealthy) and by her he had a numerous family of sons and daughters (22).
  being highly educated & no fortune he went to the West Indies, under the auspices of the Dutch Government & surveyed the colony & sent home so excellent a chart of the same and the river Demerara that the government gave him #1000 and an unlimited grant of land, i.e. so much frontages & back west he could clear & put under cultiture annually.
• The names of the Estates were “Better Hope, Sheet Anchor, Brides Lust “. I don’t know the date of the year in which my mother and father were married but I believe it was in the November of 1835 or 6.
• You ask your Grandfather’s name? Well!! He was “Jan” or John Van, Van Cooten M.D. – formerly of “Brides Lust” , Demerrara – and eldest son of Mr Henrique Van, Van Cooten by his wife Dorothy of the same address.

I doubted that I would ever be able to find out the truth behind these statements. As an adult working in IT at a University, I spent two years working for the library. I took the opportunity to explore. The book that was key to opening a vast area of research was “Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood.” My ancestor wasn’t listed in the index, but showed up upon a quick flick through the contents! I found it very emotional to discover evidence corroborating the clues in old family letters. The “Notes on Sources” provided invaluable pointers to documentary sources, and has led me to making contact with other researchers in the area. Hendrik had a part to play in the events of 1823. He was an old established plantation owner. The actual name of the plantation was Vryheids Lust. He was a slave owner, but more kindly to his slaves than many other owners. He was sympathetic to the cause of the London Missionary Society. Mentions of Hendrik are here. This is a book where I found that as fascinating as the narrative was, the footnotes and citations were more valuable!

He was able to supply images, and my transcription is now available here. The page image is made available with the permission of the New York Historical Society.

Bram has now published his history – “Borderless Empire : Dutch Guiana in the Atlantic World, 1750-1800”. The description at bookdepository.com reads:

Borderless Empire explores the volatile history of Dutch Guiana, in particular the forgotten colonies of Essequibo and Demerara, to provide new perspectives on European empire building in the Atlantic world. Bram Hoonhout argues that imperial expansion was a process of improvisation at the colonial level rather than a project that was centrally orchestrated from the metropolis. Furthermore, he emphasizes that colonial expansion was far more transnational than the oft-used divisions into “national Atlantics” suggest. In so doing, he transcends the framework of the “Dutch Atlantic” by looking at the connections across cultural and imperial boundaries.

The openness of Essequibo and Demerara affected all levels of the colonial society. Instead of counting on metropolitan soldiers, the colonists relied on Amerindian allies, who captured runaway slaves and put down revolts. Instead of waiting for Dutch slavers, the planters bought enslaved Africans from foreign smugglers. Instead of trying to populate the colonies with Dutchmen, the local authorities welcomed adventurers from many different origins. The result was a borderless world in which slavery was contingent on Amerindian support and colonial trade was rooted in illegality. These transactions created a colonial society that was far more Atlantic than Dutch.

Bram’s book has gone straight to my wishlist!

I’ll work through the information in the Theodore Barrell letters in future posts.